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Regulating basic biological needs is a function of the Hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is a part of the brain that has a vital role in controlling many bodily functions including the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Cerebrum is the most superior and anterior part of the brain. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres separated by the flax cerebri of the dura mater, It is involved in reason, planning, memory, and sensory integration. Thalamus is a small structure within the brain located above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. It relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.
Acute renal failure (ARF), commonly referred to as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a brief period of kidney damage or malfunction which lasts some few hours to a few days.
The kidneys struggle to maintain the proper balance of fluids in the body when waste products accumulate in the body.
AKI includes 4 stages:
(I) initiation,
(II) oligo-anuria,
(III) polyuria, and
(IV) restitution.
The onset phases of ARF are best described by stage 1, which is called Initiation.
The initial phase of kidney damage is characterized by a 25% reduction in renal blood flow as well as tissue oxygenation, as well as a decrease in urine output to less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr, as a result of events including such blood loss, dehydration, burns, diabetes insipidus, or infection.
This phase last hours to days.
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