In an experiment that has the purpose of testing the efficacy of a procedure or drug, comparison is made against the efficacy of a placebo, a procedure or drug that is <em>intended to have no effect whatever</em>.
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Famously, a placebo is often found to be nearly as effective (or even more effective) than the procedure or drug on trial. This effect is known as "the placebo effect."
The correct answer is: if is a root of , then is also a root of .
In fact, every polynomial has real and/or complex solutions. If all solutions are real, we're good. But if not all of them are real, then the complex ones come in couple of conjugate solutions. Since and are conjugate complex numbers, if one of them is a solution, the other must be as well.