With a country as big as Russia, it is hard to give you an accurate estimation. Siberia is known for some of the coldest winters in the world, reaching a very dangerous -35 degrees Celsius. The north pole of cold has a record breaking -69 degree celsius winters. over 65% of Russia is covered by permafrost. There is a humid continental climate as well.
The mountains have emerged where the tectonic plates meet. The collision of the tectonic plates can disrupt the earth causing earthquakes as well as the growth of a mountain. These mountains take awhile to become the giants they are.
Well, the hydrosphere is moving water to provide life for the biosphere. the geosphere is blocking the rain from the hydro and atmosphere from producing life past where it is blocking, so, in essence, the hydrosphere is "moved" into the atmosphere, where it drops onto the geosphere, creating the possibility for life in the biosphere everywhere that is not being "bullied" for lack of better term by the mountains blocking rain.
