Answer:
b. the principle of immanent change.
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This passage is about the speech of President Jackson in Congress, where he defended the process of remorse of the Indians.
The use of the word "progessive" refers to the continuation of a process begun earlier, where the Indians were massacred and expelled from their territories to the detriment of the white man's civilization. The former president used that term as a way to slow down an attitude that today would be understood as barbarism, but one that is part of US history.
The Jews experienced discriminating views, acts, and policies at the hands of the Muslims and Christians, mostly due to the fact that these three groups were fighting over the same Holy Land.
Many colonists remained loyal to Britain during the revolutionary war because they wanted England's protection and were afraid that if they were to separate from the British that they would be invaded.