A hydrogen bond is formed when a positively polarized hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to a highly electronegative atom in another molecule. In the example of water molecules, the negatively charged oxygen atom in one water molecule attracts the positively charged hydrogen atom in another water molecule. Oxygen atoms tend to steal electrons away from the hydrogen atoms within molecules. When this occurs within a water molecule, the electron loss creates a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge, which is then attracted to a negatively charged oxygen atom in another water molecule.
The hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules cause them to stick together. This gives water a high boiling point temperature because a greater degree of heat energy is required to break the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Many organic substances that are required to sustain life, such as nucleic acids and proteins, contain hydrogen bonds. Although these bonds are weaker than the internal ionic or covalent bonds existing between the atoms within molecules, the accumulated strength of hydrogen bonds within living organisms is highly significant and plays an important role in maintaining stability.
The main components of the cytoplasm are cytosol (a gel-like substance), the organelles (the cell's internal sub-structures), and various cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.
to find the difference you need to determine which one is affected by the other one, and the one affected id the dependent variable and the other one should be the independent
