(a) If <em>f(x)</em> is to be a proper density function, then its integral over the given support must evaulate to 1:

For the integral, substitute <em>u</em> = <em>x</em> ² and d<em>u</em> = 2<em>x</em> d<em>x</em>. Then as <em>x</em> → 0, <em>u</em> → 0; as <em>x</em> → ∞, <em>u</em> → ∞:

which reduces to
<em>c</em> / 2 (0 + 1) = 1 → <em>c</em> = 2
(b) Find the probability P(1 < <em>X </em>< 3) by integrating the density function over [1, 3] (I'll omit the steps because it's the same process as in (a)):

<span>The number of ancestors going back through the <em>5th generation</em>, including Tle-nle and counting <em>Tle-nle as the 1st generation</em> is:
= 1 + 3 + 3^2 + 3^3 + 3^4
= (3^5 - 1) / (3 - 1)
= 242 / 2
= 121
Since we included </span>Tle-nle as the 1st generation, we will only compute up to the 4th power. If it is until the 6th generation, add 3^5 to the equation.
The perimeter of the rhombus is 28 inches.
D. 1.0002
Probabilities can only go up to 100%, or 1. 1.0002 is greater than 1.