If there is less water in the bottle, then the note played is lower because there is more air to move around.
Using two different media (air and water) in glass bottles show how the speed of vibrations affects pitch.
Pitch is the way that your ear and brain order sounds based on their frequency (vibrations per second).
Rapid vibrations (high frequency) that reach your ear are categorized as a "higher" pitch, while slower vibrations (low frequency) are categorized as a "lower" pitch.
When you tap a glass of water with a pencil or spoon the water molecules vibrate and create sound waves through the water. More water means slower vibrations and a deeper tone.
The bottle with the most water will have the lowest pitch while the bottle with the least water will have the highest.
When Wanda and Marita blow across the top of the bottle, they set the air molecules vibrating and produce sound waves. In this case, more water results in a higher pitch, as opposed to tinkling the bottle. When the bottle has a small amount of water in it, the air molecules have lots of room and vibrate slower. Adding more water gives them less space to vibrate in, making them vibrate faster and producing a higher pitch.
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Answer:
10 units
Explanation:
Energy is transferred from organism to organism in an ecosystem when they feed on one another. However, based on the pyramid of energy, only about 10% of energy is transferred from one organism to another because a bulk of energy (about 90%) has been lost to metabolic activities.
Energy moves from producers to consumers, each occupying trophic levels. If the first trophic level in an energy pyramid receives 1,000 units of energy from the sun,
- 10% of 1000units will be available for the second trophic level i.e. 10/100 × 1000 = 100units
- 10% of 100units will be available for the third trophic level i.e. 10/100 × 100 = 10units
Hence, 10units of energy is available for the third trophic level.
Answer: RNAs are not processed before translation in prokaryotes, this process only takes place in eukaryotes.
Explanation:
Messenger RNA or mRNA is a single-straded ribonucleic acid that transfers the genetic information from the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule of the cell nucleus to a ribosome (which are the machinery responsible for protein synthesis) in the cytoplasm. mRNA determines the order in which the amino acids of a protein will be joined and acts as a template or pattern for the synthesis of that protein. To accomplish this, the DNA molecule must be transcribed into an RNA molecule, which is used for protein synthesis.
The messenger RNA obtained after transcription is known as primary transcribed RNA or precursor RNA or pre-mRNA, which in most cases is not released from the transcription complex in a fully active form, but in eukaryotes it must undergo modifications before it can perform its function (RNA processing or maturation). These modifications include:
- Elimination of fragments (splicing): In most cases, the <u>mRNA undergoes the removal of internal, non-coding sequences called introns, and the connection of exons. This does not occur in prokaryotic cells</u>, as they do not have introns in their DNA.
- Protection by CAP: <u>Addition to the 5' end of the structure called "cap" or "capping"</u>, which is a modified guanine nucleotide, 7-methylguanosine triphosphate, via a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage, instead of the usual 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. This cap is necessary for the normal RNA translation process and to maintain its stability.
- Polyadenylation signal: <u>Addition to the 3' end of a poly-A tail, a long polyadenylate sequence, whose bases are all adenine</u>. Its addition is mediated by a sequence or polyadenylation signal (AAAAAA), located 11-30 nucleotides upstream of the original 3' end. This tail protects the mRNA from degradation, and increases its half-life in the cytosol, so that more protein can be synthesized.
The mature mRNA (in eukaryotes) is transferred to the cytosol of the cell through pores in the nuclear envelope. Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes are coupled to the mRNA. However, in prokaryotes, ribosome binding occurs while the mRNA strand is being synthesized. After a certain amount of time, the mRNA is degraded into its component nucleotides by ribonucleases. So, the transcription and translation processes are carried out in a similar way as in eukaryotic cells but they occur simultaneously. But, the fundamental difference is that, in prokaryotes, the messenger RNA does not undergo a maturation process and, therefore, no cap or tail is added and no introns are removed. Moreover, it does not have to leave the nucleus as in eukaryotes, because in prokaryotic cells there is no defined nucleus.
So, RNAs are not processed before translation in prokaryotes, this process only takes place in eukaryotes.
Arthritis
Arthritis is a joint disorder in
which there is inflammation of one or more joints. Arthritis is frequently accompanied by joint
pain. There are many types of arthritis and over 100 have been identified. The causes
of arthritis include injury, metabolic abnormalities, hereditary factors,
effect of infections, and a misdirected immune system. Arthritis is mostly
common among women and occurs as people get older. Severe arthritis can result
in chronic pain, inability to do daily activities and can cause difficulty in walking.
