To be phony is to be fake; Holden lies to people regularly, so he could be called a phony.
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Adams is known for a theory of risk compensation, that states that a 'risk thermostat' guides much human behavior. Humans experiencing a 'safe' lifestyle seek out risky activities; but when doing them, overcompensate before returning to safety. This behaviour operates like a thermostat, regulating human behavior. He argues that because of the thermostat effect, banning risky activity will not work completely, and risk -seeking accompanies many aspects of everyday life. He spoke on this at the Shared Space conference held in Ipswich in June, 2005, where in his talk titled "Risk Compensation versus the obedient automaton theory of human behaviour" he discussed how understanding risk compensation was essential to the understanding of why shared space principles work for the design of public spaces such as road layouts in towns.[1]
He has also coined the term and written extensively on the phenomenon of hypermobility, particular the misplaced belief that new road building solves traffic problems, rather than worsening them.
Adams has not always voiced mainstream views on climate change. He has been critical of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and has praised "reputable scientists who react sceptically to the “hockey stick” peddled by Sir John Houghton and the IPCC."[2]
Adams was a member of the advisory committee to the Anti-Concorde Project. When working in central London he was a daily cyclist, occasionally writing on cycling issues.
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In the excerpt of ‘The Jilting of Granny Weatherall’, the two themes of abandonment and betrayal are clearly developed. The author develops the two themes over the course of the text by narrating the experiences of Ellen’s sufferings, that not many can deal with. Although such events made her stronger, it did not heal easy and kept haunting her even on the deathbed.
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The answer is "offering her audience advice for the future".
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In this question, the passage will be missing that's why we defined the correct choice only.