The minimum legth of a codon could be two. If it was only one of the 6 nitrogeneous bases in a codon, we'd only have 6 possible amino acids. If we have, though, a combination of two amino acids out of the 6 nitrogeneous bases, we would have then 36 possible combinations (6 possibilities for the first position × 6 possibilities for the second position) that would allow the existence of the 20 different amino acids.
In the human case, for example, with only 4 nitrogeneous bases, a combination of two amino acids would be insufficient (4×4=16) for the 20 amino acids.
All rock on the ocean floor is less than 180 million years old because <span>reverse polarity removed older rock strips magnetized in a different direction. Also,</span> the oldest parts reach the continental crust and then the ocean floor sinks beneath the continental crust, into the mantle.
A group of Chinese women with PCOS who were receiving treatment saw several metabolic and hormonal imbalances improve after taking BBR. The primary consequences may be connected to the modifications in body composition in obesity and dyslipidemia. For the evaluation of the possible beneficial metabolic effects of BBR in women with PCOS, additional controlled trials are required.
PCOS:
- Objective: Insulin resistance is a common metabolic and reproductive condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) (IR). A quinoline derivative alkaloid known as berberine (BBR) has been utilized as an insulin sensitizer and is isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. There may be a therapeutic benefit for PCOS from BBR. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of BBR and metformin (MET) on the metabolic characteristics of PCOS-affected women.
- Design and methods: Ninety nine PCOS and IR patients were randomly assigned to one of three therapy groups: BBR+ compound cyproterone acetate (CPA;
), MET
CPA
, and placebo CPA 
for 
months. Before and after the treatment period, metabolic and hormonal measures as well as the clinical characteristics of the women were evaluated. - Results: Reduced waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR;P<
), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC; P<
), as well as increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; P<) were all observed following treatment with BBR as compared to MET. Similarly, BBR treatment decreased WHR, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model evaluation for IR, area under the insulin curve, TC, LDLC, and TG (P<), while increasing HDLC and SHBG (P<) as compared to placebo.
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Answer: Water moved from inside the red blood cell into the salt water.
This is because of the osmotic difference between the salt solution and the red blood cell. This means that there is difference in the solute (salt) concentration inside the red blood cell and the salt solution.
Explanation: The salt concentration in the solution is higher than the salt concentration inside the red blood cell, that is, the red blood cell has more water concentration that the salt solution, therefore there will be movement of water from the inside of the red blood cell into the salt solution thereby causing the red blood cell to reduce in size. The movement of water from the red blood cell into the salt solution is to create a balance between the water concentration in the two environments, hence the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low solvent concentration across the selectively permeable membrane of the red blood cell.
