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Grouse species have evolved living in environments with little vertical structure and in areas with minimum human activity (from roads and cultivation to other more complex infrastructure). In the recent decades, there has been a significant increase in wind energy development in diverse areas and ecosystems. This development involves construction and placement of tall man-made structures, such as wind turbines and other infrastructure in habitats with high wind capacity. These habitats are often occupied by grouse species. This coexistence could severely endanger the species survivorship and reproductive ability. It is very important to study grouse habitat selection and demography, so that appropriate regulatory guidelines can be applied to wind energy development.
If the facts about proton pumping are true, then protons are pumped into the matrix of the mitochondria.
<h3>What causes the electron transport chain's proton pumping?</h3>
Proton pumps are found in the electron transport chain's complexes I, III, and IV. The complexes absorb the energy generated when electrons migrate energetically downward and use it to pump H +start superscript, plus, end superscript ions out of the matrix and into the intermembrane gap.
<h3>when outside of the Matrix are protons pumped?</h3>
At complexes I, III, and IV, the matrix is pumped of protons (2 per complex). The resultant proton gradient drives ATP synthesis: 2 H+ are generated for every ATP. The inner mitochondrion is charged differently due to the proton gradient.
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A satellite in a polar orbit passes over both poles, but the earth rotates beneath it. The time taken for each orbit of the earth depends on the height of the satellite. If the satellite is in a circular orbit 260 kilometers above the surface it will have an orbital period of two hours.