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Jus ad bellum is the kind of legislation that authorizes the transition from a state of peace and agreement to a state of war, where the use of the armed forces is justified. It implies that just a legitimate authority can wage war when no other option is left. Just ad bellum have some principles, that include: right authority, right intention, proportionality, reasonable hope, and last intention, which can be understood as the case in which war is the last resource after a long period of diplomacy and negotiation, under the right authority and the valid reasons to proceed as the last resource to solve an issue.
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In the early sixteenth century, Iran was united under the rule of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1722), the greatest dynasty to emerge from Iran in the Islamic period. The Safavids descended from a long line of Sufi shaikhs who maintained their headquarters at Ardabil, in northwestern Iran. In their rise to power, they were supported by Turkmen tribesmen known as the Qizilbash, or red heads, on account of their distinctive red caps. By 1501, Isma‘il Safavi and his Qizilbash warriors wrested control of Azerbaijan from the Aq Quyunlu, and in the same year Isma‘il was crowned in Tabriz as the first Safavid shah (r. 1501–24). Upon his accession, Shi‘a Islam became the official religion of the new Safavid state, which as yet consisted only of Azerbaijan. But within ten years, all of Iran was brought under Safavid dominion. However, throughout the sixteenth century, two powerful neighbors, the Shaibanids to the east and the Ottomans to the west (both orthodox Sunni states), threatened the Safavid empire.
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How the renaissance changed early modern Europe Early modern Europe was an interesting and important time for all of Europe. From 1300 to 1800, many events were set into motion that would forever change Europe, and to extent, the rest of the world.
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the Balfour Declaration
the British Mandate
Britain's restriction on Jewish immigration
the end of World War II and Holocaust
the creation of the independent State of Israel
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