The French Royal Academy wasn't much interested in Dutch portraits or still-life paintings. The academy was founded in 1648 as the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. After being shut down during the French Revolution, when reestablished, it was renamed the Academy of Painting and Sculpture. (The "royals" weren't on the throne anymore.) In 1816 two other academies (music and architecture) were merged into it and it became the Academy of Fine Arts.
The Academy functioned not only as a place for artists to exhibit their work, but also as a training grounds for promising students. A problem with the Academy, though, was that it developed essentially a monopoly over the visual arts, and tended to corral artists into adopting an "Academy" style that adhered to specific rules and methods. Not until the Impressionist movement of the late 19th century did a group of non-Academic style artists manage to challenge the rigid aesthetic governance of the Academy.
One example of public policy that was based on Darwinian thought is that of eugenics. Eugenics is the idea of trying to improve the genetic quality of a population by not allowing the reproduction of certain groups, and encouraging the reproduction of others. Although the concept of eugenics predates Darwin, it gained scientific support after his theory of evolution.
The concept is heavily disputed. Moreover, it carries negative associations due to its identification with the policies of Nazi Germany. However, eugenics was influential in a variety of regimes during the 20th century. In America, this was embodied in the American Eugenics Society, founded in 1922.
Answer:
D. can be decided by a judge instead of a jury.
Explanation:
In criminal cases, matters are almost always decided by a jury. But, in civil cases, one can often opt to have either a jury or a judge decide the case.
In criminal cases, you can plead and not stand trial before a jury, but in civil cases, you can decide with the other party, be you plaintiff or defendant.
Civil cases usually involve private disputes between persons or organizations. Criminal cases involve an action that is considered to be harmful to society as a whole (hence, these are considered offenses against the "state" or the jurisdiction of the prosecution).
