east of the Arabian Peninsula
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Postwar recovery that imposed harsh standards on the Southern states and supported newly freed slaves (freedmen) in their pursuit of political, economic, and social opportunities.
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It violated America's anti colonial principles.
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The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from a divine authority, like the monotheist will of God.
That depends what you mean by early, do you mean the civilizations of Egypt or Mesopotamia or Israel.