The answer is the letter a
The protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the inner matrix to the intermembrane space by the energy employed in the electron transport chain, creating a significant gradient in the hydrogen concentration. When it was discovered, this process was known as chemiosmosis.
<h3>The inner membrane is what?</h3>
The inner or cytoplasmic membrane controls the flow of nutrients, metabolites, macromolecules, and information into and out of the cytoplasm and preserves the proton motive force necessary for energy storage. It is impermeable to polar molecules.
<h3>What use does the intermembrane serve?</h3>
Proteins that are essential for mitochondrial energetics and apoptosis are found in the intermembrane region between the outer and inner membranes (process of programmed cell death). The inner membrane is significantly less permeable to ions and molecules than the outer membrane.
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There are many fish and other large marine animals in the light zone becuse plankton (a main foodsource for many fish) is able to grow.
