James II
James II was the second king on the throne of England after the English Civil War had resulted in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the English Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's era, the monarchy was restored when Charles II was brought back to the throne that had been held by his father (Charles I). After the death of Charles II, a second surviving son, James, who had been ruling as James VI in Scotland, became King James II in England. But he tried to take too much power to himself away from Parliament, and his support for Catholicism was not popular. The so-called "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 removed James II from power and brought in William and Mary as king and queen. Mary was a daughter of James II, but was Protestant, like her husband, William of Orange (in the Dutch Republic).
5, 2, 3, 4, 1. In that order
The first and foremost merit of Protestant Reformation is that it dispensed with one, unique, and unquestionable authority, embodied in the Roman Catholic Church. It opened the path to pluralism - a multitude of opinions that seek to be freely expressed, without censure and fear of punishment. It dismantled the dogma of one truth and one truth only - whether it be about God, Trinity, priests, an attitude towards worldly riches or anything else. Even though it was not secular, its focus on living in this world rather than in anticipation of heaven or hell, opened new perspectives for the development of secularism too.
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By signing the treaty, the Native Americans agreed to formally cede most of Ohio and parts of the rest of the Northwest Territory to the Americans; the Native Americans also agreed to let the Americans peacefully settle in those lands without fear of attack.
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