The main point of this excerpt is that African-Americans were not considered US citizens.
In the Supreme Court case Dred Scott vs. Sandford, Scott is suing for his freedom from slavery. This is because his master brought him to the Wisconsin territory, a territory where slavery was outlawed. 
However, the Supreme Court ruled against him. The reason why they ruled against him is based on the excerpt above. The Declaration of Independence did not make it blatantly clear that slaves were considered citizens. Since they were not considered citizens, they had no legal rights that slave owners had to respect. 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
I'd say they developed in river valleys (2).
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Article v
Explanation:
(copied and pasted from a doc i read once)
The <u><em>initiative</em></u> allows voters to write proposals for laws and constitutional amendments. Twenty-four states in the U.S. allow the use of the initiative process, but some restrict the content of the proposals. The processes are outlined in Article V of the state constitution. The very first initiative involved the building and location of the state capitol. Oklahoma City was chosen as the site for the new capital. Another important initiative was passed in 1912 to allow direct election of U.S. senators, rather than having the state legislature choose them. The U.S. Constitution was amended (Amendment 17) to allow direct election of U.S. senators in every state the following year.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Generally speaking, the Industrial Revolution inspired a "heightened" interest in Africa by European nations, since they looked to Africa to acquire most of their natural resources. 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
They fought for better wages reasonable hours and safer working conditions.