When people are united by common history and culture, they belong to a "nation" although this is not technically the case. Many people from different backgrounds and cultures can be part of a nation.
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War.
The American and the French revolutions had many similarities and differences. One similarity being is that they both wanted to escape the rule of their King. Second, they both started by an uprising of people against unfair taxation by the monarchy. The French peasants were not represented by the Parliament.
The Potsdam Conference held after WWII was the final meeting by the allies that was held to discuss the agreement for what will happen to Europe after the war. It divided Germany into four zones an control over these zones by an Allied Control Commission.