Answer: shaping
Explanation:
Shaping is a method of reinforcement with closer and closer approximations that lead to the desired behaviour. It means that you reinforce certain behaviours that are every time much closer and to the target behaviour.
An important Roman contribution to American government is the idea of a "republic" or the creation of a representative democracy. In the Roman Republic, representatives were elected by the people to govern on their behalf in the Senate, similar principles were used in structuring the American system of government.
Answer:
Explanation:
1. The downward mobility of welfare recipients is also an instance of gendered mobility. (Feliciano and Rumbaut 2005).
2. Whether the second generation Haitians and West Indians who assimilate into African American groups are therefore downwardly mobile is actually an empirical question that still needs to be studied.
3. The Irish who came to America early in the 19th century were redefined as white by driving blacks out of the occupations and industries in which they had served as the cheapest labor (Ignatiev 1995).
4. Selective and consonant acculturation are examples of partial acculturation. (Gibson 1988, Portes and Rumbaut 2001).
5. A static economy may discourage incumbent niche occupants from moving up or may force their children to take over the niche, thereby also discouraging immigrant upward mobility.
Explanation:
(a) Experimental unit
A person or an object, or some well-defined body or item on which some treatment is applied
(b) Treatment
Combination of a values of factors. These are explanatory variables.
(c) Response variable
The qualitative variable or quantitative variable in which the researcher wants to determine how the value is affected by any explanatory variable.
(d) Factor
It is the variable whose influence on a response variable can be assessed by the researcher.
(e) Placebo
An innocuous treatment, like a sugar tablet, which looks, smells and tastes like an experimental medication.
(f) Confounding
The effect of the two factors cannot be distinguished.
