Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
What is unmeasured cofounding?
- By definition, an unmeasured confounder is a variable that is connected to both the exposed and the result and could explain the apparent observed link.
- The validity of interpretation in observational studies is threatened by unmeasured confounding. The use of negative control group to reduce unmeasured confounding has grown in acceptance and popularity in recent years.
Although they've been utilised mostly for bias detection, negative controls have a long history in laboratory sciences and epidemiology of ruling out non-causal causes. A pair of negative control exposure and outcome variables can be utilised to non-parametrically determine the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data that is vulnerable to uncontrolled confounding, according to a recent study by Miao and colleagues.
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
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Answer:
3
Step-by-step explanation:
Parallel lines have the same slope
So if line Q has a slope of 3
Line R which is parallel to Q must have a slope of 3
The three points A,B,C are all points on this circle.
Each point is then equal distance from the center, that distance being the radius of the circle.
Using the distance formula, we can find the center of the circle (x,y):

Plugging in points A and B into distance formula, then setting them equal to each other gives:

Right away we can cancel out the x terms leaving:

Expand Left side and Solve for y:


Plug in points B and C as before:

Here we can cancel the y-terms.
Expand and solve for x:



Therefore the center of the circle is the point (6,3)
To find the surface area of a cone, use this formula.
pi (r) (r + [square root of h^2 plus r^2] ) substitute
h = height = 22 r = radius = 28/2 = 14 [ ] = sq. root
pi (14) (14 + [ 22^2 + 14^2 ]) solve exponents
pi (14) (14 + [484 + 196]) add
pi (14) (14 + [680]) solve square root
pi (14) (14 + 2[170]) add
pi (14) (40.0768) multiply
pi (561.075) is about 561.1 rounded to nearest tenth
So the answer is C. 561.1pi cm^2