Transcription is the process of copying a gene from the DNA into mRNA.
Chromosomes have hereditary function that are capable of self-duplication and they have thread-like structures seen inside the nucleus of plant and animal. In plants, they go through a cycle called alteration of generation that has multicellular stages. One is sporophyte that is a diploid, and the other is gametophyte with a haploid.
Moreover, spores are produce through meiosis so it go through a process of chromosome reduction in order to create a haploid spores. While, gametes undergo mitosis and the structure is already a haploid, which means that the number of chromosomes will not change in order to produce haploid. In this case, the plant have both spores and gametes and the similarities is that, they are both singles celled and a haploid. Therefore, the number of the chromosome in the gametophyte generation is also 32.
A phylogeny of the same taxa based only on morphological traits:
Some highly conserved genetic sequences can result in unrelated species appearing closely related in a molecular phylogeny, and not reflect the same pattern as the morphologic phylogeny.
Gene sequence changes may not result in morphological changes.
Gene sequences always provide more data than morphological traits.
Morphological analyses always provide more data because each morphological trait is the result of the expression of many genes.
The molecular data may be based on the analysis of introns, which aren't expressed and don't contribute to the evolutionary history of a group of taxa.
Why is molecular data more accurate?
Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from molecular sequences are often considered more reliable than those reconstructed from morphological characters, in part because convergent evolution, which confounds phylogenetic reconstruction, is believed to be rarer for molecular sequences than for morphologies
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Answer:
The correct answer would be option C.
Plants evolved different methods to prevent or reduce the effects of photorespiration.
The C3 plants are the most common plants which do not have any special methods or physiology to prevent photorespiration.
The C4 are the plants in which carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle takes place in different cells. Carbon is fixed in the mesophyll cells with the help of PEP carboxylase enzyme. It fixes carbon and converts PEP into oxaloacetate. The Calvin cycle takes place in the bundle-sheath cells.
In contrast, CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plants are those in which carbon fixation and Calvin cycle are separated into time. The carbon is fixed during the night as it helps in reducing the loss of water through transpiration.
The Calvin cycle takes place during the day time in the same cell, that is, mesophyll cell.
