Mutation can cause DNA to change
D. all of the above
as they are all, evergreen, short and contain flammable oils
Directional selection is where one phenotype is favored, so an example would be "a population of madagascar hissing cockroaches suffers heavy predation from lizards. Because their heads are small, the lizards are unable to eat the very largest adult cockroaches, and instead prey upon small and medium sized adults, so as a result the large cockroaches are favored and live".
Meanwhile, disruptive selection is where both extreme phenotypes are favored, an example would be "a population of rabbits can have black fur, white fur or grey fur. This population of rabbits lives in an area of white rocks. When a local volcano erupts, black volcanic rock now dots the landscape amongst the white rocks. Now the black and white rabbits live longer because the black and white spots on the landscape camoflauge them. The two extreme phenotypes are being favored."
D. ice core samples for the arctic and anarctic
Yes, this is true, and it is actually one of the organisms driving evolution! Some organisms develop mutations that are actually beneficial (better eye-sight, for example) and they're more likely to pass those to their children that individuals without those mutations!