Question

In the first half of the 20th century literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses were passed by the southern state in order to

Answer 1

Deny suffrage to African Americans.

Answer 2

Restrict the ability of African Americans to obtain voting rights.

The black community had less access to education than whites even after slavery was ended; thus their literacy rates were lower.  They also experienced much poverty because of prejudice against them in the economic system of the country, so poll taxes could keep them from going to the polls to vote.  The "grandfather clauses" were exemptions granted by some states to those whose forefathers ("grandfathers") had full voting rights prior to the Civil War, so if there were poor or illiterate whites, they could vote freely while blacks (whose ancestors had been slaves) were subjected to the laws restricting their voting ability.  

These sorts of restrictions against black voters prompted much of the activism of the civil rights movement that began in the middle of the 20th century.