the answer is B: so it isa line
The toll-like receptors do NOT directly lyse bound pathogens (Option C). These protein receptors play fundamental roles in the innate immune system.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are single-pass membrane-spanning protein receptors that play fundamental functions in the innate immune system.
TLRs are differentially expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells) in order to recognize evolutionary conserved antigenic domains in different pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. bacteria).
TLRs initiate innate immune responses such as, for example, inflammatory responses, by identifying conserved pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs).
Learn more in:
brainly.com/question/10791388
The layers on the top may be younger, while the bottom layers may be much older.
A
CO₂ is the waste product of respiration of cells. Oxygen, on the other hand, is required in cellular respiration. Therefore at the alveolar in the lungs of an organism, CO₂ will be expelled while O₂ will be taken in.
Explanation:
This occurs passively due to the diffusion gradient, CO₂ usually has a higher concentration in the blood and lower concentration in alveoli hence this gas diffuses from the bloodstream into the lungs. On the other hand, oxygen is higher in concentration in the alveoli than in the blood capillaries hence difuses into the blood and taken to the cell for respiration. The CO₂ in the lungs is then expelled through exhalation of the lungs.
Learn More:
For more on gaseous exchange in the lungs check out;
brainly.com/question/12891596
brainly.com/question/2126516
brainly.com/question/12469601
brainly.com/question/2698578
#LearnWithBrainly
Answer:
Barbed wire was invented and patented by Joseph Glidden in 1874 and had a major impact on the cattle industry of the Western U.S. Accustomed
Explanation:
