Answer:
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3b binding to the surface of microbes, which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
Explanation:
C3b binds to the surface of microbes (opsonin), and functions as a component of C3 and C5 convertases while C3a stimulates inflammation.
The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by the deposition of C3b on the surface of a microbe. The microbe- bound C3b binds another protein called Factor B, which is then broken down by a plasma protease called Factor D to generate the Bb fragment.
This fragment remains attached to C3b, and the C3bBb complex functions as an enzyme, called C3 convertase, to break down more C3. The C3 convertase is stabilized by properdin, a positive regulator of the complement system.
As a result of this enzymatic activity, many more C3b and C3bBb molecules are produced and become attached to the microbe. Some of the C3bBb molecules bind an additional C3b molecule, and the resulting C3bBb3b complexes function as C5 convertases, to break down the complement protein C5 and initiate the late steps of complement activation.
The main effectors of the complement system are opsonization, cell lysis and inflammation. It also stimulates B cell responses and antibody production.
Answer: The enzyme increases the effectiveness of reactant collisions thereby increasing the number of reactant molecules that reach activation energy.
A reaction occur if the substrates needed collide with each other. Enzyme is like a mold that can hold the substrate so that it will be easier to collide. The effect of enzyme could be seen in the activation energy needed to do the reaction because enzyme lower it very much. This will help speed up the reaction so it create product faster.
Given –
Mg of iron tablets consumed = 50 mg
Number of tablets consumed = 2
So,
Total mg of iron tablets consumed = 2 X 50 mg
= 100 mg
Total grams (g) of iron tablets consumed = 100 X 0.001 g
Because 1 mg = 0.001 g
So,
Total grams of iron tablets consumed would be 0.1 grams.
Answer:
Proliferative phase
Explanation:
Uterine cycle is part of the menstrual cycle in which changes occur in the reproductve female system in order to prepare female on possible pregnacy. Uterine cycle isdivided into three phases:
- Menstrual phase-characterized by the process of menstruation
- Proliferative phase-estogen causes the production of new endomethrium layer (thickening of the endomethrium)
- Secretory phase-characterized by the production of progesteron which prepares endomethrium for the implementation.
Answer:
Decrease in competition from other plants.
Explanation:
Decrease in competition from other plants is the environmental factors likely leaf to the exponential growth seen in fireweed after the Yellowstone wildfires because decrease in population from other plants will lead to a particular species dorminating a particular geographical area and this dorminating species are Dorminant when competition has been reduced by wild fire and this will lead to exponential growth where the available resources will be abundance or unlimited or resources increases.
