The United States Revenue Act of 1913<span> also known as the </span>Tariff Act<span>, </span>Underwood Tariff<span>, </span>Underwood Act<span>, </span>Underwood Tariff Act<span>, or </span>Underwood-Simmons Act<span> (ch. 16, 38 </span>Stat. 114<span>, October 3, 1913), re-imposed the federal </span>income tax<span> following the ratification of the </span>Sixteenth Amendment<span> and lowered basic </span>tariff<span> rates from 40% to 25%, well below the </span>Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act<span> of 1909. It was signed into law by President </span>Woodrow Wilson<span> on October 3, 1913, and was sponsored by </span>Alabama<span> Representative </span>Oscar Underwood<span>.</span>
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Washington believed that it was necessary to strike a delicate balance between making the presidency powerful enough to function effectively in a national government, while also avoiding any image of establishing a monarchy or dictatorship.
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