Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
Answer:
Cys
Explanation:
tRNA or transfer RNA has an anticodon which base pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA or messenger RNA. It brings the amino acid corresponding to the codon present on mRNA. Since the tRNA here has anticodon ACG in 3' to 5' direction, the complementary codon on mRNA will be UGC in 5' to 3' direction. UGC codon corresponds to Cysteine amino acid which is abbreviated as Cys in three letters.
No, it is not a reasonable gamble for Karen to skip the influenza vaccine this year.
There are many factors which can increase a person's risk of developing the influenza virus and some of these factors are age, health condition, weakened immune system, pregnancy, or chronic illnesses.
Karen is older and her age could act as a risk factor for influenza. In addition, each year there are different strains of the virus since the virus is constantly changing and evolving. Given this, a person who got the vaccine last year is still in danger of not having the antibodies which can protect from this year's strain.
Karen should get the influenza vaccine this year as well.
<span>In one sample, the potatoes that have more sugar will also have more water that will diffuse into them. Potatoes are hypertonic in relation to pure water,simply put, they will gain extra water weight as well as displace more water than potatoes that are lower in sugar. In a separate sample, potatoes that have a higher concentration of sugar will also lose far less water due to their lack of hypotonic nature. Those with lower sugar will easily loose more water.</span>
Answer:
<em>In a population, natural selection acts on phenotype of individuals.</em>
Explanation:
Natural selection tends to favour those organisms of a population which carry traits that allow them to be better adapted to the environment and these traits are passed on to their offsprings. Natural selection tends to act on the phenotype of the population whereas evolution is the phenomenon which changes the allele frequencies. Natural selection acts on individual organisms of a population whereas the change in populations, on the whole, arises due to evolution.
