After the breakup of the Soviet Union, 15 of its former republics became independent. 3 of which, namely Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, formed the Commonwealth of Independent States or CIS on December 1991. This consisted of the following members: <span>Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. There is one associate member which is Turkmenistan. Ukraine, on the other hand, is recognized as a founding and participating country, but not a legal member. Georgia left the organization at around 2008-2009. In the year 2014, Ukraine declined its chairmanship and considered its ties with the organization.</span>
The major geological process of this Era was denudation. The gigantic mountains that were formed by the Precambrian orogeny were subjected to intense and prolonged denudation. At the end, the once gigantic mountain ranges were reduced to a “peneplained” surface.
