They had strong believes against dictatorship in government.
Millions of Africans were torn from their homes, deported to the American continent and sold as slaves. The transatlantic slave trade are often known as the triangular trade
That would be the Carolingian dynasty. "Carolingian" is a word stemming from medieval Latin, "karolingi," meaning "descendant of Charles." ("Carol" and "Charles" are essentially the same name in different languages.) So those who came after Charles Martel in his family line get the name "Carolingian."
By the way, Charles "Martel" is Charles plus his nickname -- Carolus Martellus (in Latin) means "Charles The Hammer." Think of it like a wrestlers' nickname, but here we're talking a strong warrior who rose to power by winning battles.
Charlemagne, the most famous member of the Carolingian dynasty, is "Carolus Magnus" (in Latin) or "Charles the Great." Personally, I like to call him "Big Chuckie" ... but I think I'm the only one who refers to him that way. ;-)
The issue in this Supreme Court case was mainly about the first amendment and the freedom of religion. It was brought into question about whether or not a school could force a child to salute the American Flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance when the child had objections to do it on religious grorund. In this case it was a Jehovah Witness, but the Supreme Court ruled that a public school could force a child, despite their religion, to say the Pledge.
However, this decision didn't last long and was overturned only a few years later.
