Answer:
Cell-mediated immunity develops through a network of interactions that results in defense against microorganisms that survive within phagocytes or other cells. The response is initiated by the recognition of intracellular microorganism antigen by T cells through the histocompatibility complex. In the CD8 response, only the target cell carrying the class I associated antigen can be lysed or induced to apoptosis. In another mechanism of the cellular response, CD4 + Th1 T cells activate, for example, cytokine-infected macrophages such as IFN. When a pathogen resists the effects of activated macrophages, chronic infection may develop.
The hormonal immunity response leads to the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevents or decreases the spread of intracellular cells by neutralizing, opsonizing and activating the complement system.
Answer:
Circulatory system
Explanation:
From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle through the pulmonary sigmoid valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right and left lungs to the capillary beds of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle of the heart through the mitral valve, to the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve, to the whole body, to the systemic arteries, to the capillaries of the body tissues, to the systemic veins, to the superior cava vein and inferior cava vein, which enter the right atrium of the heart.
Atoms are the smallest unit of matter. Atoms of isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons.
<h3>What are isotopes?</h3>
Isotopes are atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons but the number of protons and electrons remains same.
As the isotopes of the atom have the same number of protons, so, their atomic number will also be the same.
Thus, it can be concluded that atoms of isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons.
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Transpiration is the process in which plants release water back into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor. In simplest terms, transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves. This process occurs from the roots of the plants that carry moisture to the undersides of the leaves and is then released through the pores of the leaves back into the atmosphere. About 10% of the moisture in the atmosphere is released by plants through this process; while the other 90% come from bodies of water.
Answer:
A nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule.
Explanation:
