<span>Organisms
that expend energy to regulate some or all of their internal conditions are
known as regulators. Regulators are organisms that can control their internal
environment regardless of external environmental change. Regulators achieve this
by homeostatic mechanisms and it requires a lot of energy. Examples of
regulators are mammals and birds</span>
Answer:
A. Splits a glucose molecule into pyruvic acid
B.Occurs without oxygen present
D.Occurs in all living things
Explanation:
Glycolysis refers to the process by which glucose molecules are broken down in the absence of oxygen to molecules of pyruvic acid. This process (glycolysis) occurs in the cytoplasm of all living organisms; animal cells, plant cells, and the cells of microorganisms.
Answer
3,1,2,4
Explanation:
Through the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), short RNAs can inhibit gene expression. RNAi can function at transcriptional level, translational level, and mRNA stability.
RNAi mechanism has numerous biological functions; it can affect development, for instance in the worm C. elegans, or it can be utilized by plants to evade viral infection.
These short RNAs (abt 23 bp long) also known as siRNAs (short interfering RNAs) are products of long dsRNAs which are cleaved by nuclease Dicer. The siRNAs regulate a nuclease complex called RISC (RN-induced silencing complex) leading to repression of gene expression via three distinct ways;
a) Destroy mRNAs that have complementary sequence with the siRNA
.
b) Inhibit translation of mRNAs that have complementary sequence with the siRNA.
c) Induce chromatin modification within the promoter of these homologous (complementary) genes, thus silencing them.
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA cycle, ETS
In the cell, energetically unfavorable reactions are often coupled with favorable ones, such that the new overall reaction is favorable.
