The best option from the list would be that "<span>d. Both sought to preserve Chinese tradition and culture from outside influences like Christianity and Japanese Buddhism by erecting barriers to cultural interactions with the west and the east," since they were more focussed on the preservation of tradition and culture. </span>
To explain their empire and concur more land
It was invaded by the Ummayad Caliphate and kingdoms popped up to fight against the Muslim empire
Answer: control of power by hereditary landholding class
Explanation: