Newspapers flourished, dramatically, in early nineteenth-century America. By the 1830s the United States had some 900 newspapers, about twice as many as Great Britain—and had more newspaper readers, too. The 1840 U.S. census counted 1,631 newspapers; by 1850 the number was 2,526, with a total annual circulation of half a billion copies for a population of a little under 23.2 million people. Most of those newspapers were weeklies, but the growth in daily newspapers was even more striking. From just 24 in 1820, the number of daily newspapers grew to 138 in 1840 and to 254 in 1850. By mid-century the American newspaper industry was amazingly diverse in size and scope. Big city dailies had become major manufacturing enterprises, with highly capitalized printing plants, scores of employees, and circulations in the tens of thousands. Meanwhile, small town weeklies, with hand-operated presses, two or three employees, and circulations in the hundreds were thriving as well.
The causes of this boom in American newspapers were varied and independent in origin, but they were mutually reinforcing. The U.S. population was growing and spreading out to new regions distant from the old seaboard settlements. As new towns formed, new institutions—including newspapers—blossomed. Indiana, for example, had only one newspaper in 1810 but seventy-three by 1840. Politically, America was highly decentralized, with government business conducted at the national, state, county, and town levels. Each of these levels of government needed newspapers, and the new American system of political parties also supported newspapers. Commercially, as new businesses flourished, so did the advertising function of the newspaper press. Rapidly urbanizing cities could even support multiple daily newspapers. The early nineteenth century was also a boom time for religious and reform organization, and each voluntary association needed its newspaper.
The eruption of Mount St. Helens 35 years ago provided an amazing opportunity for scientists to study the effects of catastrophe. The incredible lessons are as valuable as ever!
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May 18, 2015, marks the 35th anniversary of one of the most violent natural disasters of our modern time, the colossal 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state. Its explosive power shocked the world and made headline news. Fifty-seven people died, over $1 billion worth of property was destroyed, and over 230 square miles (600 km2) of forests were immediately flattened. Recent rumblings are again making news, raising fears that the volcano may be reawakening.
While the losses were tragic, the value to science has been inestimable. Geologists vastly improved their ability to predict eruptions, safely evacuating tens of thousands of Filipino people before Pinatubo erupted in 1991. Scientists began learning many other valuable lessons, some of which have challenged the foundations of evolutionary thinking.
Harry R. Truman
Copyright Bettmann/Corbis / AP Images
Harry R. Truman, who operated a lodge near Mount St. Helens for over fifty years, became a folk hero when he refused to evacuate. “The mountain is a mile away,” he told reporters. “The mountain ain’t gonna hurt me.” He and his lodge were later buried under 150 feet (46 m) of debris.
The eruption of Mount St. Helens is often regarded as the most significant geologic event of the twentieth century. Since the volcano was conveniently located in Washington state, only two hours’ drive from Portland, scientists could document the eruption in unprecedented detail. Although not the most powerful explosion on record, it provided a natural laboratory for understanding how quickly catastrophic processes can reshape the earth, and how rapidly wildlife can recover.
Within moments of eruption, the whole northern side of the mountain (two-thirds of a cubic mile of rock) slid away—the largest observed landslide on record. The eruption lasted nine hours, followed by more eruptions over the next six years. Geologists, who are accustomed to thinking about slow evolutionary processes shaping our world, were astounded by the scale of initial destruction and the speed at which new geologic features formed. Thirty-five years later, Mount St. Helens still teaches us lessons about the powerful forces the Creator used to shape the earth. These findings confront the underlying slow-and-gradual assumptions of modern geologic thinking, and they give us invaluable clues about the catastrophic potential of a global, cataclysmic Flood.
Answer:
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Explanation:
Explain what was caused by the decline in the Ukrainian and Belarusian population between the year 1945 a 1950
