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The Great War, generally known as World War I, erupted in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His assassination triggered a European war that lasted until 1918. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) battled against the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan, and the United States during the war (the Allied Powers). World War I saw unparalleled rates of death and death due to new weapons technology and the horrors of trench warfare. By the time the war ended and the Allies declared victory, more than 16 million people had died, both soldiers and civilians.
The war began primarily as a result of four factors: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Because large militaries have become potential threats to other countries, some governments have begun to compel alliances in order to acquire land.
After 128 Americans were killed by a German submarine, the United States entered World War I. A German submarine sank the British passenger liner Lusitania in 1915. In total, 1,195 people, including 128 Americans, were killed. Americans were horrified and pressed the US government to join the war. President Woodrow Wilson desired a peaceful conclusion to the war, but when the Germans warned that their submarines would sink any ship approaching Britain, Wilson declared that America would enter the war and bring peace to Europe. On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war.
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In pre-modern Sub-Saharan Africa, the basic unit of society was the clan or lineage-group. African societies were also largely structured into villages until the first chiefdoms and kingdoms began to appear.
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Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, the basic unit of society was the clan group, which would typically live together as a cluster of households and thus small hamlets or villages would form on the bases of lineages and allied lineages. Large towns would be an amalgamation of these clans, and they would often be distributed as smaller villages of clans grouped together. Each village would be principled around the power of what anthropologists call a “big man.” They were the person whom the clan believed was the most directly descended from their founding ancestors. He would be joined by his extended family as well as more distant relatives, and often unrelated families who had been separated from their own clans and who looked to the big man for guidance and protection. In North Africa and the Saharan Desert, the organization of society was different and largely resembled cultures in the Middle East that were nomadic in large part.
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In 1584, Queen Elizabeth I granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter for the colonization of an area of North America which was to be called Virginia. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain. He called his new privately-funded colony, Roanoke, and founded it on an island off the coast of present-day North Carolina, where it would be relatively isolated from existing settlements in North America.
The colony was small, consisting of only 117 people, who suffered a poor relationship with the local American Indians, the Croatans, and struggled to survive in their new land. Their governor, John White, returned to England in late 1587 to secure more people and supplies; by the time he returned in 1590, the entire colony had vanished. The only trace the colonists left behind was the word “Croatoan” carved into a fence surrounding the village. Governor White never knew whether the colonists had decamped for nearby Croatoan Island (now Hatteras) or whether some disaster had befallen them all. Roanoke is still called “the Lost Colony” today.
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Disdain and mistrust of the Catholic Church were the major cause of the Protestant Reformation.<span> Reformers particularly decried the selling of indulgences and offering of forgiveness for sins in exchange for money; the practice of selling religious positions in the church was also frowned upon by those who sought to reform the church.</span>
