What is a protozoan? how is a protozoan parasite different from bacteria and multi-celled parasites such as intestinal worms? ho
w does t. brucei differ from the closely related american trypanosome t. cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease, and from the p. falciparum parasite that causes malaria? describe notable differences in morphology, life cycle, infectivity, transmission, geographical range, disease presentation, and treatment?
What is a Protozoan? A protozoan is a microscopic, single-celled organism that is classified under kingdom Protista. Some of the popular protozoans include entaomoeba hystolitica, euglena, and paramecium.
How is a protozoan parasite different from bacteria and multi-celled parasites such as intestinal worms?
The main difference between a parasitic protozoan, bacteria or intestinal worm is the modes of transmission. Protozoan parasites are mostly transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or by drinking contaminated water. Many types of protozoan parasites that live in the tissue or blood are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes. Parasitic helminths are transmitted via contaminated soil. As for bacteria, most of them do not have a vector. They are mostly transmitted directly from one infected person to another.
How does t. brucei differ from American trypanosome t. cruzi (the causative agent of chagas disease) and from p. falciparum parasite that causes malaria? Describe the notable differences in morphology, life cycle, infectivity, transmission, geographical range, disease presentation, and treatment?
Trypanosoma brucei causes sleeping sickness. It is confined to the tropical region of Africa and it is transmitted by the tsetse fly. Its clinical symptoms include fever, edema, progressive paralysis and anemia. The t. brucei comes into forms - the trypomastigote which develops in the vertebrate host and the epimastigote which grows in the vector. The trypomastigote has a long undulating membrane and posterior kinetoplast, while the epimastigote has a short membrane and anterior kinetoplast. The drug used to treat the African Sleeping Sickness is pentamidine. The treatment is only used for the first stage of the illness.
Trypanosoma cruzi causes the Chagas disease. It is transmitted by the reduviid bug, and it is confined to the Americas. The symptoms of the Chagas disease include inflamed lymph nodes, vomiting, body aches, fatigue and spleen enlargement. For the Trypanosoma cruzi, it is distinguished by its three morphological forms - trypomastigote, epimastigote, and amastigote. The trypomastigote and epimastigote look similar, except for the position of the kinetoplast. The kinetoplast of epimastigotes is found on the anterior portion. The amastigote, on one hand, is present inside the cells. The treatment used for the Chagas disease is benznidazole and nifurtimox.
Lastly, Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan that causes malaria. Mosquitoes serve as the vector of this deadly protist. The symptoms of malaria include profuse sweating, moderate to severe chills, headache, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. The parasite begins to develop in the gut of the mosquito. At this stage, the P. falciparum is in its gametocyte form. Once a female and male gametocyte combine together in the gut, sporozoite is formed. This form infests a human liver. Once the sporozoite successfully enters the human body through a mosquito bite, it travels to the liver and reproduces. The new form is referred to as the schizonts. Compared to the previous form, the schizonts are multi-nucleated, and they are filled with thousands of merozoites. When the merozoites reach their peak development, the schizont bursts. The merozoites then target the red blood cells. If a merozoite successfully infects an RBC, it is called a trophozoite. Malaria is treated with quinine sulfate and doxycycline. Alternatively, drugs like clindamycin can be used.
An acid increases the concentration of H+ ions. A base is a substance that releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution, donates electrons and accepts protons.
The climate of a region depends on many factors including the amount of sunlight it receives, its height above sea level, the shape of the land, and how close it is to oceans. Since the equator receives more sunlight than the poles, climate varies depending on its distance from the equator.
If a mutation led to brighter feather colouring in birds, the brighter feathers may allow those individuals with the mutation to reproduce more frequently, because they are seen as being more attractive and a desirable mate.
By designing an experiment where the temperature on the thermometer is measured after a chosen (same) time interval when the thermometer is wrapped with the different materials and placed in the freezer
Explanation:
Experimental design
Materials given: freezer, a thermometer, samples of materials
setup:
1. The freezer is put on and made to remain at a particular temperature, mimicking the winter season.
2. Next, different materials for the coat design with equal dimensions are used to rap the thermometer whose initial temperature has been recorded in the same pattern and the thermometer is placed in the freezer and left for a certain time, which is made constant for the different materials.
3. after the time, the final temperature on the thermometer is recorded.
Result interpretation
The temperature is expected to drop after the time in the freezer, but the material with the smaller change (drop) in temperature indicates that it traps more heat hence is the best material for designing a winter coat
independent variables: type of material used
dependent variables: temperature on the thermometer
control variables: time, dimensions of materials, temperature of freezer, pattern of wrapping.
