They prevented the colonies from purchasing or selling goods to Spain or France
Mercantilist thinking characterized British economic strategy. For the goal of boosting British finances at the expense of colonial territories and other European imperial powers, the British Parliament passed measures such as protectionist trade barriers, governmental restrictions, and subsidies to home businesses. A flourishing industrial sector and trade with other European nations were two additional things that England wanted to stop happening in her colonies in North America. The British Parliament passed a number of laws referred to as the Navigation Acts in order to achieve this starting in 1651.
This basically stopped the colonies from conducting business with other European nations. A number of further laws that placed more restrictions on colonial commerce and raised customs fees were passed after this one.
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Answer: A) the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams, who began a process called judicial review
2. Peacekeeping today implicates the stationing of troops in order to separate oposing parties as a first stage in the peacefull search of a common solution suitable for both parties.
The Vienna Congress in fact was a convent that was aimed at redesigning the map of Europe, goal was to restore France in it's limits of 1789 and redistribute the territorial gains of the French Empire to those countries they had been taken from.
Certain countries to close to Napoleonic ideas and way of life were simply ignored or overruled and smaler ones simply integrated to larger ones. Belgium for example was used as buffer zone between the Netherlands and France as a protection from any eventual attack coming from France in the Future. Thiscountry was an artificial creation of the Vienna Congress, it was annexed to the Empire of the House of Orange as a southern province before a revolution in 1830 split them from the Netherlands into independancy.
These countries were partly occupied by massive troops formations in order to fight any trial of opposing the new established government. There was no search of a peacefull solution, but an imposed one!
I can only answer some of these but
3 - Harriet Beecher
4 - Popular Sovereignty
^ These are confirmed, I'm sure of it
Now, I'll assume on these ones
2 - Bleeding Kansas
1 - Wilmot Proviso
5 - Fugitive Slave Act
I apologize if I'm wrong on these