The seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors, later elaborated by five intellectual virtues and four other groups of ethical characteristics. They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.
<span>Both enslavement and indentured servitude were both forms of forced labor. Each is a form of forced labor because those in that condition were obligated to perform work. Indentured servitude was not a form of slavery or imprisonment because indentured servants retained some rights beyond those of slaves or prisoners. Many indentured servants, and even some slaves, received wages for their labor, but neither status could properly be considered a form of wage labor because both slaves and indentured servants could be required to work in the absence wages.</span>
of the national, state, and local governments rely on taxes to fund government programs.
According to my social studies book.
Answer:
Roman Government- levied heavy taxes on people
Roman Emperors-fought among themselves
Barbarian tribes-disrupted trade routes
Explanation:
- According to the late fourth-century author Vegetius, troops wore armor up to the reign of Gratian, when they began to complain about how heavy it was and asked the emperor to forbid them from wearing it. Although historians debate this, Egypt, which was a part of the more prosperous Eastern Roman Empire, is the only location where Roman armor from the fifth century has been discovered.
- After the division of the empire in 395, the West fared poorly. Prior East-West partitions had given the West the important province of Illyricum (modern Yugoslavia more or less). According to records, Gaul and Illyricum accounted for 56% of military recruitment between 284 and 476. In fact, helping to reclaim Illyricum to use for military recruiting was one of the reasons the Roman commander Stillicho attempted to form an alliance with the Gothic king Alaric. It was difficult to raise enough taxes to support a sizable military army due to the loss of wealthier provinces like Egypt to the Eastern empire and the fact that Gaul's economy had not yet recovered from the devastation of its towns during the Crisis of the Third Century.
- When Theodosius' East Roman forces beat the Western army, it was still reeling from the disastrous loss at the Battle of Frigidus River.
- Barbarian tribes with conflicted allegiance made up the majority of the army in the fifth century. The Suevic king Rechiar and a Gothic princess had a son named Ricimer. He killed the emperor when Majorian returned home from his expedition in North Africa against the Vandals. Perhaps he had grudges against Majorian for retaking Spain from the Sueves and the Goths (which collapsed against after his death). With the brief exception of Anthemius, who was imposed on the West by an Eastern Roman army, Ricimer governed through puppet emperors until his death in 472. After Anthemius killed himself by killing a follower of his named Romanus, Ricimer and Anthemius engaged in a civil war. Before the Eastern empire launched another expedition, Gundobad—the subsequent military leader and Ricimer's nephew—appointed Glycerius as the western emperor and departed Italy to become the Burgundians' king. During his brief reign as emperor in 475, Julius Nepos named Roman Orestes as Magister Militum (commander in chief of the army) and appointed him to rule over what was left of Roman Gaul (Provence). However, he abandoned Gaul and struck a deal with the barbarians in which he asked them to support him as emperor in exchange for one-third of Italy. After being expelled from Italy, Julius Nepos went to Dalmatia, where he was killed in 480. The western kingdom was toppled in 476 when Orestes betrayed his pledges to the barbarians. Odovocar, the barbarian ruler of Italy (perhaps from the Heruli tribe), put an end to the empire in the west.
Thanks,
Eddie
Federal court case that dealt with the formation of a federal bank and a series of individual banks. The case of McCulloch v. Maryland started through a series of important events that involved a number of laws. The following laws will allow you to understand what was going on with the McCulloch v. Maryland case.
In 1816, the United States Congress passed an Act that allowed Federal Banks to be located and to operate within individual states in the U.S. Two years later, in 1816, the state of Maryland passed an Act that placed all banks and financial institutions that operated in the state under the taxation model of Maryland. This law thus made banks and other financial institutions in the state, including all federal banks, to pay Maryland state tax. A year after the passing of this law, McCulloch v. Maryland was heard.
McCulloch v. Maryland: The Case Profile
The case of McCulloch v. Maryland was heard in 1819. The case was tried in the Supreme Court of the United States. Andrew McCulloch was the defendant in McCulloch v. Maryland. McCulloch was the appointed manager of the Federal Bank located in Baltimore, Maryland. McCulloch refused to pay the state tax imposed by Maryland; he believed that federal banks were not subject to state taxation.
In McCulloch v. Maryland, the state was the plaintiff. The state of Maryland believed that the federal bank should pay state taxes because they were operating on their land and using their resources.
McCulloch v. Maryland: The Verdict
The United States Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland ruled in favor of the defendant, Andrew McCulloch. The United States Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland ruled in favor of the defendant because the Necessary and Proper Clause of the United States Constitution stated that the Federal Government was permitted to operate banks within individual states without paying taxes. The decision in McCulloch v. Maryland created a precedent; it led to a number of future decisions involving taxation issues and the federal government.
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