<span>Salutary neglect was an undocumented, 'though long-standing, the British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain. Prime Minister Robert Walpole stated that "If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish"[citation needed]. This policy, which lasted from about 1607 to 1763, allowed the enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient. Walpole did not believe in enforcing the Navigation Acts, established under Oliver Cromwell and Charles II and designed to force the colonists to trade only with England, Scotland and Ireland,which were also under Britain's control. Successive British governments ended this policy through acts such as the Stamp Act and Sugar Act, causing tensions within the colonies.
Salutary neglect occurred in three time periods. From 1607 to 1696, England had no coherent imperial policy. From 1696 to 1763, England (and after 1707 Britain) tried to form a coherent policy (navigation acts) but did not enforce it. Lastly, from 1763 to 1775 Britain began to try to use a coherent policy.
Salutary neglect was a large contributing factor that led to the American Revolutionary War. Since the imperial authority did not assert the power that it had, the colonists were left to govern themselves. These essentially sovereign colonies soon became accustomed to the idea of self-control. The effects of such prolonged isolation eventually resulted in the emergence of a collective identity that considered itself separate from Great Britain.
The turning point from salutary neglect to an attempt enforce British policies was the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War). Great Britain was fighting France for imperial control of the known world (including North America, where the war was started and was losing very badly until Secretary of State William Pitt took charge. To help the war Britain toward the Colonists. These tensions caused England to abandon its policy of salutary neglect, which led directly to the American Revolution.</span>
Gupta empires achievements
<span>During the Gupta time, education included grammar, composition, logic, metaphysics, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy which became highly specialized and reached an advanced level. </span>
<span>Architecture - Gupta architecture marked the epoch in the creation of a number of stone temples dedicated to the various Hindu gods. Additionally, Buddhists also built shrines to house the remains of select holy people. These structures were called ‘Stupas.’ This form of architecture made its way to China where it was altered slightly and renamed the ‘pagoda.’ </span>
The Parvati temple at Nachana, the temple of Bhitaragaon, the Vishnu temple at Tigawa, the Shiva temple at Bhumara and the Dasavatara temple at Deogarh are some of the landmark examples of the Gupta style of temple architecture. Apart from all this, there were a number of secular architectures also which, however, could not be maintained.
<span>Arithmetic - Beginning with arithmetic, the Indian numeral system which is many times wrongly contributes to the Arabs, who took it from India to Europe where it replaced the Roman system along with the decimal system which are in fact pure Indian inventions of this period. This is the number writing system used throughout the world today. </span>
<span>Further, Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata, who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero and also developed the decimal system based on the number 10. They also created a number writing system that was later adopted by the Islamic Empire. </span>
<span>Astronomy - In the field of Astronomy also, it was scholars like Varahamihira and Aryabhata who believed that the Earth revolved around the Moon. They also made a detailed study about solar and lunar eclipses. Aryabhata, a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is not flat, but is instead round and rotates about its own axis. </span>
<span>He further also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. </span>
Aryabhatta's expositions on astronomy in 499, moreover, gave calculations of the solar year and the shape and movement of astral bodies with remarkable accuracy. These and the other scientific discoveries made by Indians during this period about gravity and the planets of the solar system spread throughout the world through trade.
<span>Medicine - In medicine, Gupta physicians developed herbal remedies to treat various illnesses. They also developed a form of plastic surgery for the treatment of facial injuries. Physicians vaccinated against smallpox, a practice later used in China around the10th century and in Europe in the 17th century. </span>
<span>Charaka and Sushruta wrote about a fully evolved system, which resembled the works e of Hippocrates and Galen in Greece. Although progress in physiology and biology was hindered by various religious injunctions as according to various beliefs contact with dead bodies was highly discourages due to which scientific dissection and anatomy could not be practiced. </span>
<span>Indian physicians excelled in pharmacopoeia, caesarean section, bone setting, and skin grafting. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed operations. </span>
<span>Arts and Literature - Kalidasa, who was a great playwright, and who wrote several plays such as Shakuntala, which is said to have inspired Goethe, and also marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period. </span>
Games – The game of Chess is also believed to have been originated in this period, where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturanga, meaning the "four divisions [of the military]" – infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry – represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.
<span>Government – Unlike the Mauryan counterparts, the Gupta government was a highly decentralized one with the king at the top of the hierarchical structure. The entire territory was divided into different provinces with a Viceroy who was appointed to look after the entire administration. </span>
<span>Philosophy – The field of philosophy also attained great levels during the rule of the Guptas. The main focus in philosophy was to achieve certain ends of higher life which was the life of the spirit. The principle of Moksha or salvation was widely practiced and taught. Apart from this, there also emerged the concept of ‘Mimasa’ which implied the reasoning which has to be adopted in order to understand the hint of a particular word or sentence. </span>
