The use of check and balances.
I think that it is answer C
The colonial boundaries created countries where they did not exist, separated tribal groups in many cases, and often brought
Between 1881 and 1911, the entire African continent (with few exceptions) was conquered by seven European countries. The indigenous peoples found themselves integrated into the political and economic structures created by the European colonizers, finding themselves subjected to them.
The elites of indigenous peoples (such as tribal leaders) enjoyed some advantages, such as some social positions, but Africans were generally excluded from political decisions. Finally, colonialism led to an impoverishment also in cultural terms, as well as an impossibility of political independence of the territory.
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They all had long walks to be made and dangerous times.
