To America's old allies - 6. the loyalty of faithful friends.
To new States whom America welcomes to the ranks of the free - 4. America's word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.
To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery - 1. America's best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required.
To America's sister republics south of its border - 5. to convert America's good words into good deeds — in a new alliance for progress — to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty.
To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations - 3. A renewal of America's pledge of support — strengthen its aims, prevent it from becoming too contentious, and to increase its worldwide influence.
To those nations who would make themselves America's adversary - 2. a request that America and its enemies work together to renew the quest for peace
Answer:
The long 18th century, from the Glorious Revolution until Waterloo, was the period in which Britain rose to a dominant position among European trading empires, and became the first western nation to industrialise.
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On the positive side, the Industrial Revolution greatly cut down on the price of many goods while keeping a reasonable degree of quality in comparison to the traditionally hand-made goods which may have featured a higher standard of quality yet at a high price. Also, the reduction of production costs and goods prices boosted up international trade and increased the interaction among people from different parts of the globe.
On the negative side, the Industrial Revolution created a new and distinct social class, the working class, who unlike the craftsmen of the past were overworked, underpaid and treated harshly in the factories besides of developing new and terrible diseases related to the use of new and toxic materials in the manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the rapid production of goods and wealth made a handful of people in each industrialized country vastly wealthy while the huge majorities of the working class people became poorer and poorer. This and other social inequalities brought about social conflicts between the upper and lower classes as described in detail by Karl Marx in some of his books, especially in <em>The Capital.</em>
Paleoclimatology is the science that studies ancient climates of the Earth. According to this science, there have been many ice ages and glacial ages, and they have happened because of a phenomenon known as Great Oxygenation. This means the Earth had too many plants that were producing oxygen, which stopped the Greenhouse effect and brought cold temperatures to the planet. For example, around 360 to 260 million years ago, the ice age called “Karoo” happened because of the previous Great Oxygenation, and this glacial ice covered much of what is now India and Australia.
In 1681, William Penn, a Quaker, gave full religious freedom in Pennsylvania when he was given a colony in the area. <span>This </span>religious freedom encouraged congregations like Calvinists, Jews, Moravians, German Lutherans, and Roman Catholics to follow the religious tolerance of the Quakers in Pennsylvania. They began to enjoy the liberties found in the new colonies. However, they still <span>struggle to live harmoniously with their neighbors causing each group to stay close.</span>
