He used the method of scratching into a copper sheet. It is called Intaglio. Intaglio is a technique in printmaking. Copper and zinc are the two materials that are normally used with this kind of medium. Another example of this are collagraphs.
Answer: <u><em>C. Scratching lines into a sheet of copper</em></u>
Explanation:
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This portrait is by Diego Velazquez called Philip IV on Horseback. Equestrian portraits became common because it was believed that leaders looked especially powerful atop a large, powerful beast (horse)