It has been a while since I have studied it, but I believe that the Clergy was represented by the First Estate.
<span>Let’s
start with the Cardinal first. Richelieu was a talented statesman and
politician, and as Chief Minister of the king (Louis XIII at that time) he
consolidated royal power at the expense of the nobles, and made France a strong
centralized state. The King Louis XIV, basically, followed the Cardinal’s
footsteps and went further by housing most of them in the Versailles Palace. In
addition, the king used entertaining, impressing, and domesticating them with
extravagant luxury to keep a close eye and a heavy heel on the aristocracy.</span>
I’m not sure when you say U.S. but the Republicans supported the idea of state rights. (If you could clarify you question I could help more).
Answer:
The biggest changes were in rigging. At first they concentrated on lateen sails, then added a mix of square sails and lateen for deeper penetration into the South Atlantic, with further changes for the much longer route round the Cape. Knowledge of these techniques was protected by forbidding sales of ships to other countries. A third commercial advantage was Portugal's ability to absorb “new Christians” — Jewish merchants and scholars had played a significant role during Muslim rule
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