Answer: Out of the roughly 20 million who were taken from their homes and sold into slavery, half didn't complete the journey to the African coast, most of those dying along the way. And the worst was yet to come. The captives were about to embark on the infamous Middle Passage, so called because it was the middle leg of a three-part voyage -- a voyage that began and ended in Europe. The first leg of the voyage carried a cargo that often included iron, cloth, brandy, firearms, and gunpowder. Upon landing on Africa's "slave coast," the cargo was exchanged for Africans. Fully loaded with its human cargo, the ship set sail for the Americas, where the slaves were exchanged for sugar, tobacco, or some other product. The final leg brought the ship back to Europe. The African slave boarding the ship had no idea what lay ahead. Africans who had made the Middle Passage to the plantations of the New World did not return to their homeland to tell what happened to those people who suddenly disappeared. Sometimes the captured Africans were told by the white men on the ships that they were to work in the fields. But this was difficult to believe, since, from the African experience, tending crops took so little time and didn't require many hands. So what were they to believe? More than a few thought that the Europeans were cannibals. Olaudah Equiano, an African captured as a boy who later wrote an autobiography, recalled
Explanation:
The 8th amendment, which protects against cruel and unusual punishment, has clearly been violated.
The Ming dynasty was a Chinese dynasty different from the dynasty that existed before it. It objectified a defeat over any domestic or foreign threat. The dynasty projected China's power to foreign land.
<h3>Effect of the stopping on China</h3>
By 1449, many tribes unified and their attacks and counterattacks were to haunt the Ming Dynasty for almost two centuries till its fall. The act forced military attention to be focused on the north. However, the circumstance in the south was not good as well. Consequent to lack of diplomatic attention, pirates and smugglers again were active in the South China Sea.
Therefore, the effect was enormous on the south was massively negative on China.
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