One way in which federalism has evolved from the New Deal to what it has become today is that many of the government programs that were intended to "jumpstart" the economy during the Great Depression--such as the WPA--have shifted into programs like Medicare and Medicaid, which provide federal assistance to people on a regular basis.
I believe that the movement and faith you're referring to here is Christianity.
One of the major beliefs in Judaism is that Messiah will come: and the new movement believes that the Messiah has come, and that this is Jesus Christ.
The old belief was not to be reconciled with the new one (how can one wait for the Messiah if he has come already?) and the new movement had to split out: today it's the religion, Christianity.
The United States and Japan or Russia
It was the period of catholic resurgence initiated in the response to the Protestant Reformation
the answer to your question is Mountainous topography.
