The main big one would be disease and infections. Trench fever, trench foot and trench mouth were common diseases people got when involved in trench warfare. Trench foot happens when the feet are exposed for long periods of time to cold water and mud. Trench fever is caused when body ice transfers from one place to another. Overcrowding conditions make this prone to happen. It causes headaches, sore muscles, skin lesions on the chest and backs as well as fever.
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A short term environment change would be drought, smog, volcanic eruptions, and blizzards. All because it only last for a small period of time and it can affect the way certain species will have to adapt to certain environments.
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On my paper I have A hope it’s right cause my professor helped me on zoom with this question