The ancient Greeks shared a common heritage. Despite this, each of the city-states or "poleis" was an independent political unit with its own laws, customs, money and military force.
The geography of Greece played a key role in the development of city-states. The country was surrounded by the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas which provided the Greeks with easy access to water. Its mountainous regions led to the formation of unique and independent city-states. The most prominent Greek city-states were Athens and Sparta.
Got online so if putting this down then put in own words
I’m sorry I can’t understand the question can you pls translate it
First Arabs came into North Africa, then gold-salt trade flourishes on the Trans-Saharan route, then Islam spreads to Western and Southern Africa, then all of North Africa comes under Muslim rule
The <u><em>second explanation is better</em></u>, because the problems generated by the bureaucratization of the Soviet government were worsening the social, political and economic situation of the country. The closure of the country to non-socialist nations forced the Soviet Union to undergo a process of economic backwardness that left Soviet industry behind. Moreover, the expenses generated by the Cold War arms race prevented the Soviet Union from being able to stand up to the capitalist powers.
The population that had access to higher education eventually realized that the socialist project was beginning to crumble. The promises of prosperity and equality, propagated by state media, contrasted with the privileges of a class that lived at the expense of government-controlled wealth. This privileged group, called the nomenklatura, advocated the maintenance of the one-party system and the centralization of political powers.
