An RNA-based disease spreads through pollen. Is it likely due to a virus, viroid, or prion? Explain
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Proteins are polymers of twenty-two standard alpha-amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds.
<u>Structure of amino acid</u>-It is made up of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. In an amino acid, the positively charged amino group and the negatively charged carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom (alpha carbon). The 22 amino acids differ from one another because of the side chain attached to the central carbon atom. The central carbon atom is also attached to the H atom.
<u>Proteins have four levels of structural organization</u><u>- </u>
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
Quaternary structure-It is made up of two or more polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide chain is called a subunit. The polypeptide chains in the quaternary structure of a protein can be similar or different. The polypeptides are stabilized by noncovalent bonds such as hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions. For example-Hemoglobin.
The answers for the blanks are-
1.Noncovalent, 2.amino, 3.carboxyl, 4. quaternary structure
For more information on four levels of the structural organization-
The Venn diagram makes a comparison between categories. Intersection: Cell division/Asexual: diploid, somatic, mitosis, genetically identica/Sexual: haploid, gamete, meiosis, chromosomes separate , genetically different.
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A Venn Diagram is represented as two or more circles with some degree of superposition between them. It is used to make comparisons expressing similitudes and differences between things.
Each circle represents a category -in this example, sexual and asexual reproduction-.
The superposed area is named intersection and shows things in common between the two categories.
<em>We already know that </em><em>sexual reproduction</em><em> occurs by the process of </em><em>meiosis</em><em>, while </em><em>asexual reproduction</em><em> occurs by </em><em>mitosis</em><em>. </em>
In superior organisms, there are two types of cells: Somatic cells and germ cells.
The <u>somatic cells</u> are diploid (2n), meaning that each cell has a pair of equal chromosomes. The somatic cells are all the body cells except for the sexual ones, and they reproduce by the process of mitosis.
In somatic cells, one of the sets of chromosomes is inherited from the maternal side, while the other homologous set of chromosomes is inherited from the paternal side. Hence, the number of chromosomes in these double sets of the somatic cells is diploid, 2n.
Mitosis is a process through which, from a diploid somatic cell (2n), two identical daughter diploid cells (2n) are produced.
First, occurs duplication of the cell content, and then the separation into two new cells happens.
Germ cells suffer mitosis and meiosis.
Through meiosis, germ cells produce gametes, called<em> sperm and egg cells,</em> through the gametogenesis process.
Gametes are haploid (n) with half the number of chromosomes that might be found in the somatic cells.
During gamete formation, the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate after crossing over. Then, sister chromatids also separate. The result is the formation of four gametes.
Each gamete has different information from the combination of homologous chromosomes belonging to the father and to the mother.
Gametes' destiny is to merge in the process of fecundation, during which a new diploid cell called zygote emerges through fertilization.
The zygote is a complete cell that suffers successive mitosis to form the new organism.
<u>Venn Diagram</u>
- Intersection area: <em>Cell division</em>
- Asexual: <em>diploid, somatic, mitosis, genetically identical</em>
- Sexual: <em>haploid, gamete, meiosis, chromosomes separate , genetically different.</em>
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You can learn more about the Venn diagram at
