The phrase dune erosion by ocean water along a shoreline best describes a density-independent limiting factor that can affect ecosystem stability (Option B).
<h3>What is a density-independent limiting factor?</h3>
A density-independent limiting factor can be defined as any factor in a given ecosystem that may alter the homeostasis of the population that lives in a given geographic area.
These factors (density-independent limiting factors) are generally abiotic factors such as hurricanes, extreme temperature conditions, the presence of contaminants in the air that hamper life in a given area, etc.
Conversely, density-dependent limiting factors are biotic factors such as competitive species that alter the development of another population.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a density-independent limiting factor is any abiotic condition that may alter the life of a population in a give geographic area and thus alter the homeostasis of the whole ecosystem.
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