Answer:
An adaptive enzyme or inducible enzyme is an enzyme that is expressed only under conditions in which it is clear of adaptive value, as opposed to a constitutive enzyme which is produced all the time. The Inducible enzyme is used for the breaking-down of things in the cell.
The simple answer is that in a battery the chemical reactions that produce the electrical current are produced from materials that are already in the battery itself, whereas in a fuel cell, the reactants, almost always Hydrogen and Oxygen are fed to the cell like an external fuel.
. However, while a battery makes electricity from the energy it has stored inside the battery, a fuel cell makes its electricity from fuel in an external fuel tank This means that while a battery may run dead, a fuel cell will make electricity as long as fuel is supplied. For hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen is the fuel and it's stored in a tank connected to the fuel cell. When hydrogen in the tank runs low, you refill it, or replace it with a full tank.
The toll-like receptors do NOT directly lyse bound pathogens (Option C). These protein receptors play fundamental roles in the innate immune system.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are single-pass membrane-spanning protein receptors that play fundamental functions in the innate immune system.
TLRs are differentially expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells) in order to recognize evolutionary conserved antigenic domains in different pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. bacteria).
TLRs initiate innate immune responses such as, for example, inflammatory responses, by identifying conserved pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs).
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The correct answer is c. The microbes are useful research tools because they are cheap and easy to grow in the laboratory and they use the sample
