The answer would be A.) Black Panther Party.
Founded in 1966, The Black Panther Party first concerned itself with arming citizens' to monitor and control the officers within the Oakland (California) Police Department to prevent and challenge police brutality. However, they have become somewhat infamous for using violent tactics.
Hope I could help!
A precedent is a previously made court decision that is used as a guideline for future cases. When an unfamiliar problem comes to court, the resulting decision may become a precedent for a similar future case.
The main competing arguments in the Webster-Hayne debate----which took place between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina--were over protective tariffs in the United States, with one side arguing that states had a right to nullify laws they deemed unconstitutional, and the other argued that the Union needed to be protected at all costs.
Canada lies north of the US.
