Answer:
b. the identification of a difference between the actual and desired state of affairs.
Explanation:
Problem-solving: The term problem solving is defined as finding a way to reach a specified goal irrespective of the present condition. Here the present condition refers to be either far from the goal, or not directed towards the goal. In other words, a person's problem-solving tendency requires the process of discovering, analyzing and then solving the problem.
In the question above, the first step in problem-solving is the identification of a difference between the actual and desired state of affairs.
The economic term for this is "opportunity cost".
Opportunity cost is the cost of the options that one is not choosing. This means that if one has to choose between A and B, opportunity cost is the cost of "giving up B" when one chooses A.
According to Cloward and Ohlin's theory, there are three subcultures juveniles may enter:
Criminal subcultures
Conflict subcultures
Retreatist subcultures
Criminal subcultures gear towards organized crimes, where they commit criminal acts to climb the social ladder in the criminal world and are rewarded through financial means.
Conflict subcultures on the other hand tend to do less serious crimes, but instead use violence as a way to gain respect.
Retreatist subcultures turn to drugs and alcohol, seeing themselves as rejects.
With that, the answer would be Conflict subcultures or a conflict gang.
The answer is cristianity
